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rbf函数python rbf函数映射计算

高斯核函数RBF

5-11、高斯核函数RBF

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import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn import datasets

from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

from sklearn.svm import SVC

from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

x, y = datasets.make_moons(n_samples=1000, noise=0.25, random_state=2020)  # 生成1000个数据样本

plt.figure()

plt.scatter(x[y == 0, 0], x[y == 0, 1], color="r")

plt.scatter(x[y == 1, 0], x[y == 1, 1], color="g")

plt.title('散点图')

plt.show()

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, random_state=2020)

# 绘制边界曲线

def plot_decision_boundary(model, axis):

x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(

    np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1] - axis[0]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1),

    np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3] - axis[2]) * 100)).reshape(-1, 1)

)

x_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]

y_pre = model.predict(x_new)

zz = y_pre.reshape(x0.shape)

# 设置颜色

cus = ListedColormap(["#BA55D3", "#FF69B4", "#FFE4C4"])

plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, cmap=cus)

def RBFkernelSVC(gamma):#高斯核函数RBF

return Pipeline([

    ("std", StandardScaler()),

    ("svc", SVC(kernel="rbf", gamma=gamma))

])

sv = RBFkernelSVC(gamma=1)

sv.fit(x_train, y_train)

plot_decision_boundary(sv, axis=([-1.8, 2.5, -1.4, 1.8]))

plt.scatter(x[y == 0, 0], x[y == 0, 1], color="r")

plt.scatter(x[y == 1, 0], x[y == 1, 1], color="g")

plt.title('高斯核函数RBF')

plt.show()

# 打印出分数

print(sv.score(x_test, y_test))

d = datasets.load_iris()

x = d.data

y = d.target

x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(x, y, random_state=2020)

sv = RBFkernelSVC(gamma=10)

sv.fit(x_train, y_train)

# 打印出分数

print(sv.score(x_test, y_test))

python rbf表示什么分布

径向基(RBF)神经网络python实现

1 from numpy import array, append, vstack, transpose, reshape, \

2                   dot, true_divide, mean, exp, sqrt, log, \

3                   loadtxt, savetxt, zeros, frombuffer

4 from numpy.linalg import norm, lstsq

5 from multiprocessing import Process, Array

6 from random import sample

7 from time import time

8 from sys import stdout

9 from ctypes import c_double

10 from h5py import File

11

12

13 def metrics(a, b):

14     return norm(a - b)

15

16

17 def gaussian (x, mu, sigma):

18     return exp(- metrics(mu, x)**2 / (2 * sigma**2))

21 def multiQuadric (x, mu, sigma):

22     return pow(metrics(mu,x)**2 + sigma**2, 0.5)

23

24

25 def invMultiQuadric (x, mu, sigma):

26     return pow(metrics(mu,x)**2 + sigma**2, -0.5)

27

28

29 def plateSpine (x,mu):

30     r = metrics(mu,x)

31     return (r**2) * log(r)

32

33

34 class Rbf:

35     def __init__(self, prefix = 'rbf', workers = 4, extra_neurons = 0, from_files = None):

36         self.prefix = prefix

37         self.workers = workers

38         self.extra_neurons = extra_neurons

39

40         # Import partial model

41         if from_files is not None:          

42             w_handle = self.w_handle = File(from_files['w'], 'r')

43             mu_handle = self.mu_handle = File(from_files['mu'], 'r')

44             sigma_handle = self.sigma_handle = File(from_files['sigma'], 'r')

45          

46             self.w = w_handle['w']

47             self.mu = mu_handle['mu']

48             self.sigmas = sigma_handle['sigmas']

49          

50             self.neurons = self.sigmas.shape[0]

51

52     def _calculate_error(self, y):

53         self.error = mean(abs(self.os - y))

54         self.relative_error = true_divide(self.error, mean(y))

55

56     def _generate_mu(self, x):

57         n = self.n

58         extra_neurons = self.extra_neurons

59

60         # TODO: Make reusable

61         mu_clusters = loadtxt('clusters100.txt', delimiter='\t')

62

63         mu_indices = sample(range(n), extra_neurons)

64         mu_new = x[mu_indices, :]

65         mu = vstack((mu_clusters, mu_new))

66

67         return mu

68

69     def _calculate_sigmas(self):

70         neurons = self.neurons

71         mu = self.mu

72

73         sigmas = zeros((neurons, ))

74         for i in xrange(neurons):

75             dists = [0 for _ in xrange(neurons)]

76             for j in xrange(neurons):

77                 if i != j:

78                     dists[j] = metrics(mu[i], mu[j])

79             sigmas[i] = mean(dists)* 2

80                       # max(dists) / sqrt(neurons * 2))

81         return sigmas

82

83     def _calculate_phi(self, x):

84         C = self.workers

85         neurons = self.neurons

86         mu = self.mu

87         sigmas = self.sigmas

88         phi = self.phi = None

89         n = self.n

90

91

92         def heavy_lifting(c, phi):

93             s = jobs[c][1] - jobs[c][0]

94             for k, i in enumerate(xrange(jobs[c][0], jobs[c][1])):

95                 for j in xrange(neurons):

96                     # phi[i, j] = metrics(x[i,:], mu[j])**3)

97                     # phi[i, j] = plateSpine(x[i,:], mu[j]))

98                     # phi[i, j] = invMultiQuadric(x[i,:], mu[j], sigmas[j]))

99                     phi[i, j] = multiQuadric(x[i,:], mu[j], sigmas[j])

100                     # phi[i, j] = gaussian(x[i,:], mu[j], sigmas[j]))

101                 if k % 1000 == 0:

102                     percent = true_divide(k, s)*100

103                     print(c, ': {:2.2f}%'.format(percent))

104             print(c, ': Done')

105      

106         # distributing the work between 4 workers

107         shared_array = Array(c_double, n * neurons)

108         phi = frombuffer(shared_array.get_obj())

109         phi = phi.reshape((n, neurons))

110

111         jobs = []

112         workers = []

113

114         p = n / C

115         m = n % C

116         for c in range(C):

117             jobs.append((c*p, (c+1)*p + (m if c == C-1 else 0)))

118             worker = Process(target = heavy_lifting, args = (c, phi))

119             workers.append(worker)

120             worker.start()

121

122         for worker in workers:

123             worker.join()

124

125         return phi

126

127     def _do_algebra(self, y):

128         phi = self.phi

129

130         w = lstsq(phi, y)[0]

131         os = dot(w, transpose(phi))

132         return w, os

133         # Saving to HDF5

134         os_h5 = os_handle.create_dataset('os', data = os)

135

136     def train(self, x, y):

137         self.n = x.shape[0]

138

139         ## Initialize HDF5 caches

140         prefix = self.prefix

141         postfix = str(self.n) + '-' + str(self.extra_neurons) + '.hdf5'

142         name_template = prefix + '-{}-' + postfix

143         phi_handle = self.phi_handle = File(name_template.format('phi'), 'w')

144         os_handle = self.w_handle = File(name_template.format('os'), 'w')

145         w_handle = self.w_handle = File(name_template.format('w'), 'w')

146         mu_handle = self.mu_handle = File(name_template.format('mu'), 'w')

147         sigma_handle = self.sigma_handle = File(name_template.format('sigma'), 'w')

148

149         ## Mu generation

150         mu = self.mu = self._generate_mu(x)

151         self.neurons = mu.shape[0]

152         print('({} neurons)'.format(self.neurons))

153         # Save to HDF5

154         mu_h5 = mu_handle.create_dataset('mu', data = mu)

155

156         ## Sigma calculation

157         print('Calculating Sigma...')

158         sigmas = self.sigmas = self._calculate_sigmas()

159         # Save to HDF5

160         sigmas_h5 = sigma_handle.create_dataset('sigmas', data = sigmas)

161         print('Done')

162

163         ## Phi calculation

164         print('Calculating Phi...')

165         phi = self.phi = self._calculate_phi(x)

166         print('Done')

167         # Saving to HDF5

168         print('Serializing...')

169         phi_h5 = phi_handle.create_dataset('phi', data = phi)

170         del phi

171         self.phi = phi_h5

172         print('Done')

173

174         ## Algebra

175         print('Doing final algebra...')

176         w, os = self.w, _ = self._do_algebra(y)

177         # Saving to HDF5

178         w_h5 = w_handle.create_dataset('w', data = w)

179         os_h5 = os_handle.create_dataset('os', data = os)

180

181         ## Calculate error

182         self._calculate_error(y)

183         print('Done')

184

185     def predict(self, test_data):

186         mu = self.mu = self.mu.value

187         sigmas = self.sigmas = self.sigmas.value

188         w = self.w = self.w.value

189

190         print('Calculating phi for test data...')

191         phi = self._calculate_phi(test_data)

192         os = dot(w, transpose(phi))

193         savetxt('iok3834.txt', os, delimiter='\n')

194         return os

195

196     @property

197     def summary(self):

198         return '\n'.join( \

199             ['-----------------',

200             'Training set size: {}'.format(self.n),

201             'Hidden layer size: {}'.format(self.neurons),

202             '-----------------',

203             'Absolute error   : {:02.2f}'.format(self.error),

204             'Relative error   : {:02.2f}%'.format(self.relative_error * 100)])

205

206

207 def predict(test_data):

208     mu = File('rbf-mu-212243-2400.hdf5', 'r')['mu'].value

209     sigmas = File('rbf-sigma-212243-2400.hdf5', 'r')['sigmas'].value

210     w = File('rbf-w-212243-2400.hdf5', 'r')['w'].value

211

212     n = test_data.shape[0]

213     neur = mu.shape[0]

214  

215     mu = transpose(mu)

216     mu.reshape((n, neur))

217

218     phi = zeros((n, neur))

219     for i in range(n):

220         for j in range(neur):

221             phi[i, j] = multiQuadric(test_data[i,:], mu[j], sigmas[j])

222

223     os = dot(w, transpose(phi))

224     savetxt('iok3834.txt', os, delimiter='\n')

225     return os

python3.5做分类时,混淆矩阵加在哪一步

preface:做着最近的任务,对数据处理,做些简单的提特征,用机器学习算法跑下程序得出结果,看看哪些特征的组合较好,这一系列流程必然要用到很多函数,故将自己常用函数记录上。应该说这些函数基本上都会用到,像是数据预处理,处理完了后特征提取、降维、训练预测、通过混淆矩阵看分类效果,得出报告。

1.输入

从数据集开始,提取特征转化为有标签的数据集,转为向量。拆分成训练集和测试集,这里不多讲,在上一篇博客中谈到用StratifiedKFold()函数即可。在训练集中有data和target开始。

2.处理

[python] view plain copy

def my_preprocessing(train_data):

from sklearn import preprocessing

X_normalized = preprocessing.normalize(train_data ,norm = "l2",axis=0)#使用l2范式,对特征列进行正则

return X_normalized

def my_feature_selection(data, target):

from sklearn.feature_selection import SelectKBest

from sklearn.feature_selection import chi2

data_new = SelectKBest(chi2, k= 50).fit_transform(data,target)

return data_new

def my_PCA(data):#data without target, just train data, withou train target.

from sklearn import decomposition

pca_sklearn = decomposition.PCA()

pca_sklearn.fit(data)

main_var = pca_sklearn.explained_variance_

print sum(main_var)*0.9

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

n = 15

plt.plot(main_var[:n])

plt.show()

def clf_train(data,target):

from sklearn import svm

#from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

clf = svm.SVC(C=100,kernel="rbf",gamma=0.001)

clf.fit(data,target)

#clf_LR = LogisticRegression()

#clf_LR.fit(x_train, y_train)

#y_pred_LR = clf_LR.predict(x_test)

return clf

def my_confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred):

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix

labels = list(set(y_true))

conf_mat = confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred, labels = labels)

print "confusion_matrix(left labels: y_true, up labels: y_pred):"

print "labels\t",

for i in range(len(labels)):

print labels[i],"\t",

print

for i in range(len(conf_mat)):

print i,"\t",

for j in range(len(conf_mat[i])):

print conf_mat[i][j],'\t',

print

print

def my_classification_report(y_true, y_pred):

from sklearn.metrics import classification_report

print "classification_report(left: labels):"

print classification_report(y_true, y_pred)

my_preprocess()函数:

主要使用sklearn的preprocessing函数中的normalize()函数,默认参数为l2范式,对特征列进行正则处理。即每一个样例,处理标签,每行的平方和为1.

my_feature_selection()函数:

使用sklearn的feature_selection函数中SelectKBest()函数和chi2()函数,若是用词袋提取了很多维的稀疏特征,有必要使用卡方选取前k个有效的特征。

my_PCA()函数:

主要用来观察前多少个特征是主要特征,并且画图。看看前多少个特征占据主要部分。

clf_train()函数:

可用多种机器学习算法,如SVM, LR, RF, GBDT等等很多,其中像SVM需要调参数的,有专门调试参数的函数如StratifiedKFold()(见前几篇博客)。以达到最优。

my_confusion_matrix()函数:

主要是针对预测出来的结果,和原来的结果对比,算出混淆矩阵,不必自己计算。其对每个类别的混淆矩阵都计算出来了,并且labels参数默认是排序了的。

my_classification_report()函数:

主要通过sklearn.metrics函数中的classification_report()函数,针对每个类别给出详细的准确率、召回率和F-值这三个参数和宏平均值,用来评价算法好坏。另外ROC曲线的话,需要是对二分类才可以。多类别似乎不行。

主要参考sklearn官网

利用RBF作为核函数

5-2、利用RBF作为核函数

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from sklearn import svm, datasets

plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']

plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

iris = datasets.load_iris()

# 为简单起见,选取前两个特征作为分类的输入特征,

# 以便在二维空间画出决策曲线

X = iris.data[:, :2]

y = iris.target

# 设置分类器SVC,核函数为rbf,gamma设置为自动调整

svc = svm.SVC(kernel="rbf", C=1, gamma="auto").fit(X, y)

# 绘图参数

x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 1, X[:, 0].max() + 1

y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 1, X[:, 1].max() + 1

h = (x_max / x_min) / 100

xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h),

                np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))

plt.subplot(1, 1, 1)

# 利用已有分类器进行预测

Z = svc.predict(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])

Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)

# 绘制等高线并填充轮廓

plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Paired, alpha=0.8)

plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y, cmap=plt.cm.Paired)

plt.xlabel('花萼长度')

plt.ylabel('花萼宽度')

# 限制x的取值范围,便于显示

plt.xlim(xx.min(), xx.max())

plt.title('利用RBF作为核函数')

plt.show()


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