达州做网站
大橙子网站建设，新征程启航
为企业提供网站建设、域名注册、服务器等服务
MariaDB加密复制测试
创新互联主要从事网站制作、成都做网站、网页设计、企业做网站、公司建网站等业务。立足成都服务源城,10多年网站建设经验,价格优惠、服务专业,欢迎来电咨询建站服务:18980820575
环境：
192.168.205.37: as master server
192.168.205.47: as middle server
192.168.205.57: as slave server
版本：
OS: centos 7 1810 with mini install
mariadb-5.5.60
目地：
有时我们的数据库复制可能要跨网络复制，如果不想在复制过程中让别人嗅探，我们可以使用ssl协议实现复制过程中数据的加密传输，此实验使用三台服务器实现半同步复制，并他复制之间启用加密复制
使用如下脚本安装三台主从服务器
使用如下脚本安装三台服务器
[root@centos7 data]#cat /data/maridb_yum.sh #!/bin/bash # use last digit of IP as server-id ID=`ip a show dev eth0 | sed -r '3!d;s@(.*inet)(.*)(/.*)@\2@' | cut -d. -f4` # install mariadb-server and create data and logs directory rpm -q mariadb-server ||yum install -y mariadb-server [ -d /data/MySQL ] || mkdir -p /data/mysql [ -d /data/logs ] || mkdir -p /data/logs chown mysql:mysql /data/{mysql,logs} # modify the my.cnf #设置数据文件位置 sed -i 's@datadir=/var/lib/mysql@datadir=/data/mysql@' /etc/my.cnf #开启二进制日志并文件的起始名称 sed -i 's@log-bin=mysql-bin@log-bin=/data/logs/bin@' /etc/my.cnf #设置innodb表分离文件 grep "innodb_file_per_table" /etc/my.cnf || sed -i '/\[mysqld\]/a innodb_file_per_table = on' /etc/my.cnf #跳过名称解析 grep "skip_name_resolve" /etc/my.cnf || sed -i '/\[mysqld\]/a skip_name_resolve = on' /etc/my.cnf #将server-id设为eth0的IP的最后一位数，可跟据自己的需求更改 grep "server-id" /etc/my.cnf || sed -i "/\[mysqld\]/a server-id=$ID" /etc/my.cnf #启动服务 service mariadb restart主服务器的配置
- 查看一下半同步插件的文件名称
[root@slave1 ~]#rpm -ql mariadb-server … /usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_master.so /usr/lib64/mysql/plugin/semisync_slave.so … - 在主服务器上建立复制帐号
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to repluser@'192.168.205.%' identified by 'centos'; - 在主服务器上确定复制的位置
MariaDB [(none)]> show master logs; +------------+-----------+ | Log_name | File_size | +------------+-----------+ | bin.000001 | 30373 | | bin.000002 | 1038814 | | bin.000003 | 401 | +------------+-----------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) - 主服务器上安装半同步插件
MariaDB [(none)]> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_master soname 'semisync_master.so'; - 查看半同步的变量
MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like '%semi%'; +------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------------------+-------+ | rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled | OFF | | rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout | 10000 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_trace_level | 32 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave | ON | +------------------------------------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) - enable半同步复制
MariaDB [(none)]> set global rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=on - 查看半同步变量
MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like '%semi%'; +------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +------------------------------------+-------+ | rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled | ON | | rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout | 10000 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_trace_level | 32 | | rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_no_slave | ON | +------------------------------------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) - 查看半同步状态
MariaDB [(none)]> show global status like '%semi%'; +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time | 363 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time | 25473 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits | 70 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status | ON | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time | 380 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time | 13305 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits | 35 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx | 35 | +--------------------------------------------+-------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec)在两台从服务器的配置
- 从服务器上运行change master to
MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO -> MASTER_HOST='192.168.205.37', -> MASTER_USER='repluser', -> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos', -> MASTER_PORT=3306, -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='bin.000003', -> MASTER_LOG_POS=401, -> MASTER_CONNECT_RETRY=10; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) - 安装插件在从服务器上，没开启同步状态为OFF
MariaDB [(none)]> install plugin rpl_semi_sync_slave soname 'semisync_slave.so'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%semi%'; +---------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------------------+-------+ | rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled | OFF | | rpl_semi_sync_slave_trace_level | 32 | +---------------------------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) - 开启半同步，此时再查看同步变量为ON
MariaDB [(none)]> set global rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled=on; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%semi%'; +---------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------------------------+-------+ | rpl_semi_sync_slave_enabled | ON | | rpl_semi_sync_slave_trace_level | 32 | +---------------------------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) 此进查看状态为OFF,我们需要开启slave线程
MariaDB [(none)]> show global status like '%semi%'; +----------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------+-------+ | Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | OFF | +----------------------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> stop slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> start salve; ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'salve' at line 1 MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show global status like '%semi%'; +----------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------+-------+ | Rpl_semi_sync_slave_status | ON | +----------------------------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.205.37 Master_User: repluser Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 10 Master_Log_File: bin.000003 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 401 Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 523 Relay_Master_Log_File: bin.000003 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes- 此时我们在主服务器上查看半同步的状态
MariaDB [(none)]> show global status like '%semi%'; +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------------------------+-------+ | Rpl_semi_sync_master_clients | 2 | #已经有两个客户端说明正常 | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_avg_wait_time | 363 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_wait_time | 25473 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_net_waits | 70 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_times | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_no_tx | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_status | ON | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_timefunc_failures | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_avg_wait_time | 380 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_wait_time | 13305 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_tx_waits | 35 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_pos_backtraverse | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_wait_sessions | 0 | | Rpl_semi_sync_master_yes_tx | 35 | +--------------------------------------------+-------+ 14 rows in set (0.00 sec) - 测试将一个库文件导入到主服务器上，在两个从服务器上查看是否同步
[root@master ~]#mysql < hellodb_innodb.sql MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) 两台从服务器上查看库 MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)准备CA和证书
- 为了简化我们在主服务器上产生一个自签名的根证书，首先产生一个私钥
[root@master ~]#mkdir /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl [root@master ~]#cd /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl [root@master ssl]#openssl genrsa 2048 > cakey.pem - 利用私钥产生自签名的根证书
[root@master ssl]#openssl req -new -x509 -key cakey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 3650 为简化我们先产生一个私钥，并使用这个私钥为master生成证书请求文件，注意这时不是证书，是证书请求文件
[root@master ssl]#openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -days 365 -nodes -keyout master.key > master.csr Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key .............++++++ ...++++++ writing new private key to 'master.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:beijing Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:contoso Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:devops Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:master.contoso.com Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: [root@centos7 ssl]#ls cacert.pem cakey.pem master.csr master.key- 根据请求文件生成证书文件
[root@master ssl]#openssl x509 -req -in master.csr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey cakey.pem -set_serial 01 > master.crt Signature ok subject=/C=CN/ST=beijing/L=beijing/O=contoso/OU=devops/CN=master.contoso.com Getting CA Private Key [root@master ssl]#ll total 20 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1334 Aug 11 21:55 cacert.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1675 Aug 11 21:52 cakey.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1034 Aug 11 23:01 master.crt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Aug 11 21:59 master.csr -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 Aug 11 21:59 master.key 重复18和19再生成两个从节点证书文件
[root@master ssl]#openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -days 365 -nodes -keyout slave1.key > slave1.csr Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key .....++++++ ........++++++ writing new private key to 'slave1.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:beijing Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:contoso Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:devops Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:slave1.contoso.com Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: [root@master ssl]#openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -days 365 -nodes -keyout slave2.key > slave2.csr Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key .++++++ ........++++++ writing new private key to 'slave2.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:beijing Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:beijing Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:contoso Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:devops Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:slave2.contoso.com Email Address []: Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: [root@master ssl]#openssl x509 -req -in slave1.csr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey cakey.pem -set_serial 02 > slave1.crt Signature ok subject=/C=CN/ST=beijing/L=beijing/O=contoso/OU=devops/CN=slave1.contoso.com Getting CA Private Key [root@master ssl]#openssl x509 -req -in slave2.csr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey cakey.pem -set_serial 03 > slave2.crt Signature ok subject=/C=CN/ST=beijing/L=beijing/O=contoso/OU=devops/CN=slave2.contoso.com Getting CA Private Key- 最终生成如下的文件
[root@master ssl]#ll total 44 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1334 Aug 11 21:55 cacert.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1675 Aug 11 21:52 cakey.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1034 Aug 11 23:01 master.crt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Aug 11 21:59 master.csr -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 Aug 11 21:59 master.key -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1034 Aug 11 23:05 slave1.crt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Aug 11 23:04 slave1.csr -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 Aug 11 23:04 slave1.key -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1034 Aug 11 23:06 slave2.crt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 664 Aug 11 23:05 slave2.csr -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 916 Aug 11 23:05 slave2.key - 将文件复制到从节点上, 正常我们只需要根证书和自己的私钥和证书三个文件即可
[root@master ssl]#scp -r /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/ 192.168.205.47:/etc/my.cnf.d/ [root@master ssl]#scp -r /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/ 192.168.205.57:/etc/my.cnf.d/配置证书在主节点
- 查看加密的相关变量都是空
MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%ssl%'; +---------------+----------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+----------+ | have_openssl | DISABLED | | have_ssl | DISABLED | | ssl_ca | | | ssl_capath | | | ssl_cert | | | ssl_cipher | | | ssl_key | | +---------------+----------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) - 修改配置文件
[root@master ssl]#vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] ssl-ca=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem ssl-cert=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.crt ssl-key=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.key [root@master ssl]#systemctl restart mariadb 此时查看变量值，但因为你连接时没有起用加密，所以状态的ssl为not in use
MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like '%ssl%'; +---------------+------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+------------------------------+ | have_openssl | YES | | have_ssl | YES | | ssl_ca | /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem | | ssl_capath | | | ssl_cert | /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.crt | | ssl_cipher | | | ssl_key | /etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/master.key | +---------------+------------------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> status -------------- mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Connection id: 6 Current database: Current user: root@localhost SSL: Not in use …使用客户端加密的方式连接，可以看到状态为加密的
[root@master ssl]#mysql --ssl-ca=cacert.pem --ssl-cert=master.crt --ssl-key=master.key MariaDB [(none)]> status -------------- mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Connection id: 5 Current database: Current user: root@localhost SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 …我们再从节点上测试用ssl连接主节点
[root@slave1 ssl]#mysql --ssl-ca=cacert.pem --ssl-cert=slave1.crt --ssl-key=slave1.key -h292.168.205.37 -urepluser -pcentos MariaDB [(none)]> status -------------- mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Connection id: 8 Current database: Current user: repluser@192.168.205.47 SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384- 但我们也可以不用加密去连接，所以我们可以建立一个用强制使用加密方的连接数据库
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to repluser2@'192.168.205.%' identified by 'centos' require ssl; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 用建立的帐号从另外一台从服务器尝试去登录
[root@slave1 ssl]#mysql -h292.168.205.37 -urepluser2 -pcentos ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'repluser2'@'192.168.205.47' (using password: YES) [root@slave1 ssl]#mysql --ssl-ca=cacert.pem --ssl-cert=slave1.crt --ssl-key=slave1.key -h292.168.205.37 -urepluser2 -pcentos Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MariaDB connection id is 14 Server version: 5.5.60-MariaDB MariaDB Server Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]> status -------------- mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 5.5.60-MariaDB, for Linux (x86_64) using readline 5.1 Connection id: 14 Current database: Current user: repluser2@192.168.205.47 SSL: Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384配置证书在从节点
所以如果使用repluser2去和主服务器建立复制，我们需要修改配置文件
[root@slave1 ssl]#vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] ssl-ca=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem ssl-cert=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave1.crt ssl-key=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave1.key [root@slave1 ssl]#systemctl restart mariadb [root@slave2 ssl]#vi /etc/my.cnf [mysqld] ssl-ca=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/cacert.pem ssl-cert=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/slave2.crt ssl-key=/etc/my.cnf.d/ssl/salve2.key [root@slave1 ssl]#systemctl restart mariadb- 在从节点上停掉当前使用的repluser复制，重新使用repluser2进行复制(复制前要确定主服务器的位置)
MariaDB [(none)]> stop slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> reset slave all; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO -> MASTER_HOST='192.168.205.37', -> MASTER_USER='repluser2', -> MASTER_PASSWORD='centos', -> MASTER_PORT=3306, -> MASTER_LOG_FILE='bin.000004', -> MASTER_LOG_POS=496, -> MASTER_SSL=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) 启动slave查看状态，一连接和复制正常
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.205.37 Master_User: repluser2 Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 10 Master_Log_File: bin.000004 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 415 Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000003 Relay_Log_Pos: 693 Relay_Master_Log_File: bin.000004 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes … Master_SSL_Allowed: Yes …测试
删除以前不用的复制帐号，建表或删库测试，
MariaDB [(none)]> drop user repluser@'192.168.205.%'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host,password from mysql.user; +-----------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | user | host | password | +-----------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+ | root | localhost | | | root | centos7.localdomain | | | root | 127.0.0.1 | | | root | ::1 | | | | localhost | | | | centos7.localdomain | | | repluser2 | 192.168.205.% | *128977E278358FF80A246B5046F51043A2B1FCED | +-----------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> create database db1 -> ; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> MariaDB [(none)]> MariaDB [(none)]> MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)在从节点上测试库是否建立, 发现出错，原因是从服务器在帐号repluser建立后复制的，所以当我们删除时因为从服务器上没有，所以出错误了，解决办法是跳过这次错误， 再次测试，发现db1复制成功，在slave2做同样的测试。
MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.205.37 Master_User: repluser2 Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: bin.000004 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 749 Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 602 Relay_Master_Log_File: bin.000004 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: No Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 1396 Last_Error: Error 'Operation DROP USER failed for 'repluser'@'192.168.205.%'' on query. Default database: ''. Query: 'drop user repluser@'192.168.205.%'' …. #注意此跳包括正确和错误的计数，如果正确的被跳过可能出现错误复制。 MariaDB [(none)]> set global sql_slave_skip_counter = 1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> stop slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.205.37 Master_User: repluser2 Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: bin.000004 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 749 Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000003 Relay_Log_Pos: 523 Relay_Master_Log_File: bin.000004 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes …. MariaDB [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | hellodb | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
当前标题：MariaDB加密复制测试
转载来于：http://dzwzjz.com/article/iegdhi.html